Valley Fever is a growing health concern across the Central Valley, yet many people still do not know what it is, how it spreads or when to seek medical care. As cases continue to rise, awareness and early follow-up care can make a major difference in long-term outcomes.

Also known as coccidioidomycosis, or “cocci,” Valley Fever is caused by a fungus found naturally in the soil of dry regions throughout the Southwestern United States, particularly California’s southern San Joaquin Valley and Arizona. The infection occurs when microscopic fungal spores become airborne and are inhaled after soil is disturbed. Unlike many respiratory illnesses, Valley Fever is not contagious and cannot spread from person to person.

Exposure is especially common during dry, windy conditions following rainfall, dust storms, earthquakes, construction activity or agricultural work. People who work outdoors, including construction workers, farm workers, landscapers and firefighters, may face an increased risk because of regular exposure to dust. Outdoor hobbies such as gardening, hiking, mountain biking or attending events in dusty areas can also increase exposure.

Symptoms of Valley Fever often resemble those of the flu or pneumonia, making diagnosis difficult without testing. Common symptoms include persistent cough, fever, fatigue, chest pain, muscle aches, night sweats and shortness of breath. For many people, these symptoms last longer than expected, often more than two weeks. Some patients are treated for bacterial pneumonia or other respiratory infections before Valley Fever is considered.

While many people recover with minimal treatment, Valley Fever can become much more serious without proper monitoring and follow-up care. In some cases, the infection can progress to chronic lung disease or spread beyond the lungs to the skin, bones, joints or brain. When the infection spreads to the lining around the brain and spinal cord, it can cause coccidioidal meningitis, a lifelong condition requiring ongoing medical management.

Certain groups are at higher risk for severe disease, including adults older than 60, pregnant women, people with diabetes or weakened immune systems, organ transplant recipients and individuals undergoing cancer treatment or taking immunosuppressive medications. Research also shows that people of African, Filipino and Native American descent may face higher risk for more severe complications.

Prevention starts with limiting exposure to dust whenever possible. During gardening or landscaping projects, wetting the soil before digging can help reduce airborne spores. The same approach is recommended at construction or excavation sites. Wearing a properly fitted N95 respirator in dusty environments may also help reduce exposure.